Ships, ports, and offshore platforms rely on integrated OT systems such as navigation (ECDIS), engine control, ballast water management, and cargo handling. These systems must be protected against cyber threats without disrupting operations.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has mandated cybersecurity measures under the ISM Code, requiring vessel owners to address cyber risks. Additionally, IEC 62443 and NIST CSF provide guidelines for industrial cybersecurity.

Increasing reliance on satellite communications and remote monitoring solutions for fleet management introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Maritime OT systems are vulnerable to cyberattacks like ransomware, GPS spoofing, and malware targeting industrial control systems.

Human error remains a major cybersecurity risk in maritime operations. Crew members must be trained to recognize cyber threats and follow best practices.

OSINT presents a significant cybersecurity challenge for Marine OT/ICS, as publicly available data can be exploited to target vessels, ports, and offshore infrastructure. Attackers leverage AIS tracking, social media, leaked credentials, and corporate disclosures to gather intelligence on ship movements, OT network configurations, and personnel. This information can be used for cyber-physical attacks, GPS spoofing, phishing, and ransomware targeting industrial control systems. To mitigate these risks, maritime organizations must integrate OSINT monitoring into their cybersecurity strategy, limit sensitive data exposure, enforce strict access controls, and conduct continuous threat intelligence analysis to protect critical marine OT environments